How to Mentor Anyone in Academia

How to Mentor Anyone in Academia by Maria LaMonaca Wisdom这是一本让我感到相见恨晚的书。不过可能也不晚,因为只有经历过才能对书中的内容有自己的体会嘛。这本书写得真的好。首先作者有丰富的mentor的经验,在书中引用了很多具体的例子,对学术界mentor和mentee遇到的具体的困难有清楚的认识。作者曾经做过PhD学生、做过tenure track faculty,现在在Duke全职作为staff支持PhD学生的职业发展。这本书刚刚出版,应该也写成不久,很好地应对了包括covid、学术体制日渐官僚化等等近期的问题给每个人带来的具体的影响。甚至还提到了吴珊卓主演的2021年的Netflix电视剧the Chair。(我也非常推荐这个剧)其次书中避免给问题下定论。就像if books could kill里常说的,畅销书危险的地方在于给每个问题一个看似可以一劳永逸的解决方案,但实际上这种方案完全经不起推敲,不看具体情况盲目套用这套方案只会造成更灾难的后果。这本书就很耐心地列举了不同情境下一个问题的很多变体,并且讨论了过于依赖某种解决问题的模式可能会导致什么新的问题。这本书不会给你一个解决方案,which可能会让很多人失望,但是其实最重要的恰恰是鼓励你去思考自己的情况到底适用哪些方案,甚至鼓励你去思考这本书没有提到的、历史上不曾有过的方案。如果你只能从这本书中记住一件事情,那就是每个人都是独特的个体,每段关系每个阶段都有独特的情况,真心对待关系中的彼此才是塑造良好关系唯一的秘诀。

Mentoring may be a means to an end, but that’s no excuse to treat people as a means to an end.

这本书重点是讨论从个人的角度如何行动,但是也不忘时刻提醒大家很多问题并不在个人身上。Good mentors are not born but made。不能把什么事情都归因于chemistry。这里面就是有系统性的东西。如今的高等教育系统激励机制重点不在mentorship上,甚至会discourage花时间mentor,长期来讲一定是不利于整个行业的。在mentorship的关系中,也不可避免的会遇到比如misogyny, ableist之类有毒的言论。作者很严肃的指出,这不是本书讨论的范围,因为这本书的audience是想要improve their mentorship relationships的“normal people”,如果连这一点都做不到,就不要建立mentorship关系。对mentor来说如果不确定自己做的如何就去读别的书补课,对mentee来说如果你的mentor出现了red flag并且没有意识,还是下定决心早点换人。

顺带一提这本书是向在校学生提供免费的电子版的,在Project Muse的网站上搜索这本书的标题,再登录自己学校的账号验证就可以免费下载。

接下来我就试着总结一下每一章我觉得很有帮助的内容,摘抄一些读书笔记,提供大家参考。感兴趣真的要去阅读原书,作者学术训练非常扎实,这本书读起来一点都不费劲。

Part 1 心态准备

第一章Taking Mentor off the Pedestal介绍了mentorship更加健康的心态——做一个minimalist。一段良好的关系需要明确的边界、彼此建立的信任和完全的自主性,而这也会free mentor from consuming their time,同时free mentee from overthinking what their mentor‘s intention。作者拆解了Mentor的各个角色,和角色对应的expectations: advisor, supervisor, consultant, sponsor, coach, 以及一些mentor不应该成为的角色:friend, therapist, cheerleader, mom or dad

if your mentee is struggling because she can’t get started on drafting her first peer-reviewed journal article, telling her to sit down and block out time on her calendar likely won’t solve the issue.

第二章和第三章分别从Backbone(坚持原则) 和Heart(保持同理心) 两个方面讨论了mentorship的思路。看到标题的时候你会以为第二章要讲如何hold your standards,第三章讲如何去理解mentee的处境。但其实读下来恰恰相反。第二章大部分篇幅在讨论backbone的边界在哪里,而这很大程度上需要理解mentee的vision和passion,需要相当程度的互相理解和共情。同样第三章讨论的反而是,如何不让自己成为一个心理咨询师,如何保证mentee的自主性,这同样需要相当程度的自律才能做到。作者自己也在第三章吐槽,说肯定很多人看到mentoring with heart的标题就想跳过这章,但是会这么想的人恰恰误解了mentoring with heart意味着什么。一般Mentorship关系大致可以分为四个阶段:initiation, cultivation, separation and redefinition. 关于给mentee反馈,Feedback should be situational, 这一点好像我养狗的同学也是这么说的……
Feedback focuses on observables or outputs, not mind reading。作者也指出了有些时候有些toxic的人拒绝改变的时候也要适当的放弃,不能抱着虚假的希望让自己陷入这样的关系无法自拔。

How can you conclude that a mentee “isn’t motivated” when you have no idea who they are or what makes them tick?

Part 2 操作指南

第四章从professional coach的角度讨论了如何mentor。其实现在想想“教练”这个词翻译的很误导人。Coach这个词本来是指马车的车厢,后来才引申出指代陪伴运动员训练的人的意思。在运动场上比赛的是运动员,coach这个角色其实某种程度上来讲是不具备在场上比赛的身体素质甚至技术的,所以“教”这个翻译就让Coach这个词出现了本来没有的强弱差距的意味。当然运动员的成长和进步离不开coach提供的反馈和支持。

But often, the last thing they needed was more
advice or another opinion. Students needed time and a none-valuative space to reflect on the many pieces of advice imposed on them from elsewhere—from advisors, mentors, faculty, peers in their cohorts, parents, the internet.

这一章也介绍了很有操作性的“GROW”model,也就是Goal,Reality,Option,Way forward这样的对话思路。为了凑一个好记的词,宁可最后一步选一个有点啰嗦不太好记的短语,就像为了押韵乱写歌词的歌手。我觉得这个思路还蛮有用处的。当然书里也指出,不是所有情况都适用于这样的方式组织对话,面对黑白分明或者mentee对潜规则不了解的时候,该直截了当地提供答案就不要绕圈子。

第五章是我个人最喜欢的一章,讨论了elephant in the room— power dynamics。管理权力关系的第一步就是认清、接受这种权力关系的存在。书中把mentor mentee之间的权力关系拆解成了六个维度:reward power, coercive power,legitimate power,expert power,referent power和informational power。这些权力关系会影响到人与人之间的互动。这里作者举了一个很真实的例子:我应该跟我的mentor一起跑步吗?现实里面类似的情况并不少。这个问题的答案,就像书中其他地方反复提到的,it depends。

“At the end of the day,” I said, “if you are not comfortable with it, it’s not right for you.”

接下来如何在认识到权力关系之后再去管理mentorship,作者提出了很多很有趣的想法。从mentor的角度,建立反馈机制是很重要的。权力关系从来不是一件新鲜事,就像官僚系统或者是企业的管理系统那样,健康的反馈机制对系统运行至关重要。而从mentee的角度,一个很好的思维练习就是那个million dollar question:

What would it look like for you to take ownership of your academic and professional growth, in the context of this relationship?

但是作者也很贴心地指出,练习之后并不意味着mentee真的要付诸行动,也许现实的情况让mentee仍然感觉not ready,也许这确实意味着risk而mentee还没有做好准备承担,更重要的是也许思维实验本身就会带来改变,并不一定需要付出行动。

我很喜欢这一章的结语:self-knowledge is your strongest power。官僚体系会让每个人感到无力(你的上级也有上级)。了解自己想要什么,对自己而言什么事情最重要,是让自己感到powerful最重要的方式。直面自己内心最真实的渴望会让人勇于面对风险、做出行动,而改变也就由此发生。我想这条经验说的已经不仅仅是和mentor的关系了。

Part 3 专题讨论

第六章讨论的是informal mentorship。如何建立、维持甚至在必要的情况下终止informal mentorship relationships,以及如何管理1:1 mentor可能会出现的的jealous。我时常会收到学弟学妹的问题说导师不回邮件怎么办,这本书提供了一个我觉得更好的答案:

The fear of rejection loses some of its sting if we accept some level of rejection as inevitable (“risk management” ) If you anticipate that you’ll get one “no” for every three asks you make, rejection is now about probability, not likability.

第七章讨论了mentoring for 1. Faculty careers that may seem “other” or different; and 2. Non-faculty positions in higher education or elsewhere. 作者首先指出了现在的学术界尽管non tenure的职位已经占到六成以上,学校里面还是充斥着轻视non tenure track position的情况:

Let’s be honest. There is a great deal of snobbery in the academy about which sorts of jobs are worth having and which aren’t. As a faculty member teaching four courses per semester (a “4/4 load”) working at a regional liberal arts college, I was routinely
confronted with that type of bias. At conferences and other events that took me away from campus, people would look at the school on my nametag with furrowed brows, asking,“Where’s that?” The next question was always, “Do you like it there?” or, “What’s your teaching load?” When I disclosed my N/N load, people sometimes responded as if I’d just disclosed a terminal illness. “I’m so sorry!”

另一段类似的故事发生在作者决定做staff之后:

A few years ago I ran into a graduate school classmate at a conference. We hadn’t talked since completing coursework but she—now a full professor and an administrator at a midsize university—had followed me on social media, noting with admiration that my career had led me to Duke. As I answered her questions about my work there, I watched the expression on her face
change from surprise, to confusion, to dismay.
“Oh,” she said. “You’re not a faculty member anymore.”
“No,” I responded brightly. “I am full-time staff.”
“Oh. Ok.”

在认清现实扫清障碍之后,作者也提供了大量切实可行的操作建议,以及非常有用非常翔实的参考文献。关于如何实现从academic training到这些更加常见的工作的transition确实值得阅读更多的书籍——it’s not easy!

还有一点非常有趣的是作者还一针见血地指出了为什么有些faculty没办法提供这些career change的mentorship:

What is your tolerance level for job insecurity?

Faculty spend so much time doing all they can to
counter or mitigate job insecurity that the prospect of not having a job lined up can assume monstrously terrifying proportions.

How do you feel about your own career choices?

As wonderful as faculty careers can be, they are a bit like a ride on a roller coaster. I don’t mean the “ups and downs” (although those are real), but the fact that once the ride begins, it may be impossible to hop off the roller coaster midway.

第八章讨论mentor自己的心理健康,如何避免burnout。第九章把眼光放得更加远,提出mentoring for change的概念。每个人都不可避免面临无法预测、各个层面的变化,mentoring需要适应时代、环境和具体的情况,虽然这本书讨论的内容会过时,但有一些心态和理念总是有帮助的。

这两章在讨论个人层面如何面对挑战的同时,也花费了相当多的篇幅去指向更大的制度层面的问题,也就是这个效率至上、只重视research output、只提要求不给资源、把失败怪罪到个人头上的体系。一方面提出这些可以从个人层面更加认识到个人的局限性在哪里从而避免burnout,另一方面作者也不忘了呼吁改变。作者反复强调这不是一本讨论如何想象一个更好的制度或者如何行动的书(但是像之前一样的,还是给了很多非常具有时效性的参考文献),但却也不遗余力地再三呼吁,没有制度层面的变化,单靠个人去适应调整将是钻进一个无底洞。

What leader, engaged in any sort of institutional change initiative, hasn’t had to cancel a workshop or event on a pressing topic because only three or four people registered? We can easily tell ourselves that “everyone is busy,” or that there’s a competing, more important event that week, or that it’s the Friday
before spring break—or we can be leave with a gnawing feeling that people “just don’t care.”